Kebal Bhandari

1. Introduction and Context 1.1 Overview of Nepal’s Current Cybersecurity Landscape Nepal’s rapid shift toward digitalization, evidenced by the growing use of e-governance systems, mobile banking, and online platforms, has outpaced the development of its cybersecurity infrastructure and policies [1]. This imbalance has exposed government institutions, private organizations, and citizens to escalating cyber threats. The present cybersecurity landscape in Nepal can be summarized by several critical factors: A. Recurring Data Breaches and Minimal Accountability: A string of high-profile breaches underscores the vulnerability of Nepal’s digital environment. Most recently, the personal information of 7,400 students from the Institute of Engineering (IOE) was put up for sale on the dark web, leaking names, addresses, dates of birth, and phone numbers [2]. Earlier incidents include: 2017: Department of Passport hacked; NIC Asia Bank breach attempted to transfer USD 4.4 mill...